Your MAF heart rate is the top of the heart rate range that Phil Maffetone recommends for aerobic base training. MAF stands for maximum aerobic function, and Maffetone developed the 180 Formula behind it in the early 1980s. It starts from 180 minus your age and then moves the number by up to 10 beats for your health and training history. His 180 Formula page describes the result as the point past which exercise shifts quickly toward anaerobic work.
This calculator runs the formula with his groups and age rules and gives the 10-beat range below the ceiling that Maffetone and Laursen describe in a 2020 paper in Frontiers in Physiology. It then sets the result beside the two common ways to define zone 2. MAF and the MAF Method are Phil Maffetone's terms. FitCraft is not affiliated with him, and this page is our independent explanation of his published formula.
How to calculate your MAF heart rate
The 180 Formula takes two steps. Subtract your age from 180, then pick the one group below that describes you best and adjust the result. These are Maffetone's groups, in our words:
- Subtract 10 (group a) if you have or are recovering from a major illness, an operation or a hospital stay, are in rehabilitation, take any regular medication, or are burned out from long-term overtraining.
- Subtract 5 (group b) if you are injured, have stalled or slipped in training, races or MAF Tests, get more than two colds or other infections a year, have seasonal allergies or asthma, carry excess body fat (his word is "overfat"), are overtrained, or are inconsistent, new or returning to training.
- No change (group c) if you have trained consistently, at least four times a week, for up to two years without any of those problems.
- Add 5 (group d) if you have trained for more than two years without any of those problems, have improved in MAF Tests and races, and are free of injury.
MAF heart rate = 180 − age, then −10, −5, no change or +5Training range = the 10 beats below the MAF heart rate, up to the MAF heart rate
Two age rules sit outside the groups. For athletes 16 and under, Maffetone writes that the formula does not apply and that an MAF heart rate of 165 has been used. For athletes over 65, he writes that the formula may need to be individualized further: some people in group (d) may need up to 10 beats added, after an honest self-assessment and never automatically. His page does not say whether those 10 beats replace the usual 5 or come on top of them, so the calculator keeps the standard result and shows both possibilities in a note.
The number is a ceiling, not a target to sit on. In their 2020 paper, Maffetone and Laursen make it the top of a range whose bottom is 10 beats lower, and say you can train anywhere inside it. Their worked example is a 40-year-old in group (b): 180 − 40 − 5 = 135, so the range is 125 to 135 bpm. For the calculator's default:
- Start at 180 and subtract your age. For a 40-year-old, 180 − 40 = 140.
- Adjust for your group. She has run four times a week for a year without injury or illness, which is group (c), so nothing changes. Her MAF heart rate is 140 bpm.
- Set the range. The bottom is 10 beats lower, so she trains between 130 and 140 bpm.
- Hold it with a monitor. She slows down, or walks a hill, whenever her heart rate drifts over 140.
Maffetone gives no rule for someone who fits two groups. We suggest taking the lower number, because the method is built around keeping easy training easy, but that is our suggestion, not his. Groups (c) and (d) both depend on training consistently, at least four times a week. If sticking with training is the hard part for you, our ranking of the best fitness apps for staying consistent looks at what keeps people working out past week three.
MAF heart rate chart by age
The chart gives the MAF heart rate, the top of your training range, for each of Maffetone's four groups. The bottom of the range is always 10 beats lower: a 50-year-old with no change trains between 120 and 130 bpm.
| Age | Subtract 10 (a) | Subtract 5 (b) | No change (c) | Add 5 (d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 |
| 25 | 145 | 150 | 155 | 160 |
| 30 | 140 | 145 | 150 | 155 |
| 35 | 135 | 140 | 145 | 150 |
| 40 | 130 | 135 | 140 | 145 |
| 45 | 125 | 130 | 135 | 140 |
| 50 | 120 | 125 | 130 | 135 |
| 55 | 115 | 120 | 125 | 130 |
| 60 | 110 | 115 | 120 | 125 |
| 65 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 120 |
| 70 | 100 | 105 | 110 | 115 |
| 75 | 95 | 100 | 105 | 110 |
| 80 | 90 | 95 | 100 | 105 |
| 16 and under | 165 in every group: Maffetone says the formula does not apply | |||
Over 65, some athletes in group (d) may add up to 10 beats after an honest self-assessment, as described above. At 16 and under, the number is 165 in every group. The groups move the number as much as age does: from group (a) to group (d), a 40-year-old's ceiling runs from 130 to 145 bpm, the same 15 beats that 15 years of age would take off.
MAF heart rate vs zone 2: where they part ways
MAF and zone 2 both describe easy aerobic training, which is why the two get mixed up, but they are built differently. The MAF number comes from your age and your health and training history. Zone 2 is a slice of your maximum heart rate, or of your heart rate reserve, so it moves with your max and, in the reserve version, with your resting heart rate. Neither one is your measured aerobic threshold.
Our heart rate zone calculator uses the five-zone model, with zone 2 at 60 to 70 percent of max heart rate, and estimates max from age with the Tanaka et al. (2001) equation, 208 − 0.7 × age, pooled from 351 studies and 18,712 people. For a 40-year-old, zone 2 comes out at 108 to 126 bpm. Her MAF range of 130 to 140 starts 4 beats above the top of that zone, and her MAF ceiling of 140 is 78 percent of her estimated max of 180, which the same model calls zone 3.
Add a resting heart rate and the picture changes. The heart rate reserve method of Karvonen et al. (1957) sets zone 2 at your resting heart rate plus 60 to 70 percent of the gap between resting and max. At a resting heart rate of 60, that is 132 to 144 bpm for the same 40-year-old, and her MAF range overlaps it for all but its lowest 2 beats. A lower resting heart rate moves this band down and makes it wider.
| Age | Max heart rate (Tanaka) | MAF range, no change | Zone 2, 60 to 70% of max | Zone 2, heart rate reserve at resting 60 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 194 bpm | 150 to 160 bpmceiling 82% of max | 116 to 136 bpmabove: starts 14 beats over | 140 to 154 bpmoverlaps: top 6 beats above |
| 30 | 187 bpm | 140 to 150 bpmceiling 80% of max | 112 to 131 bpmabove: starts 9 beats over | 136 to 149 bpmoverlaps: top 1 beat above |
| 40 | 180 bpm | 130 to 140 bpmceiling 78% of max | 108 to 126 bpmabove: starts 4 beats over | 132 to 144 bpmoverlaps: lowest 2 beats below |
| 50 | 173 bpm | 120 to 130 bpmceiling 75% of max | 104 to 121 bpmoverlaps: top 9 beats above | 128 to 139 bpmoverlaps: lowest 8 beats below |
| 60 | 166 bpm | 110 to 120 bpmceiling 72% of max | 100 to 116 bpmoverlaps: top 4 beats above | 124 to 134 bpmbelow: ends 4 beats under |
| 70 | 159 bpm | 100 to 110 bpmceiling 69% of max | 95 to 111 bpminside | 119 to 129 bpmbelow: ends 9 beats under |
Read down the table and the gap to percent-of-max zone 2 closes with age. The 180 Formula drops a full beat a year, while the Tanaka estimate of max drops 0.7 beats a year, so the MAF ceiling falls from 82 percent of max at 20 to 69 percent at 70. Until the mid-40s, the unadjusted MAF range sits entirely above zone 2 by percent of max. From the late 40s it overlaps the top of that zone, and from 67 it falls inside it. Against zone 2 by heart rate reserve at a resting heart rate of 60, the MAF range overlaps from the 20s to the early 50s and sits below it from 55 on.
So the two systems line up only for some combinations of age and resting heart rate. On his site, Maffetone says the MAF heart rate corresponds to the aerobic threshold and to the point of maximal fat burning; in their 2020 paper, he and Laursen call that link theoretical. Exercise scientists measure that threshold in a lab, as the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) or with blood lactate, and the accuracy section below covers how well the 180 Formula matches it. For the five zones themselves, use the heart rate zone calculator. For max heart rate by eight published formulas, use the max heart rate calculator. Our guides to zone 2 cardio and the science of zone 2 training cover why easy aerobic work matters.
How to train at your MAF heart rate
You need a heart rate monitor to train this way: a chest strap or a watch that reads your pulse while you move. Maffetone calls the heart rate monitor the most important tool for building endurance. Warm up first, then keep the session inside your range, and slow down whenever your heart rate drifts over the ceiling. On a run, that often means walking the hills.
Expect your pace at the ceiling to change from day to day. Heat and dehydration push heart rate up at the same pace: the NATA position statement on fluid replacement puts the rise at 3 to 5 beats a minute for every 1 percent of body weight lost. On a hot day, holding your MAF heart rate means running slower, which is the point of training by heart rate. Our sweat rate calculator shows how much fluid you lose in an hour.
Maffetone's groups reward consistency and mark down injury, illness and overtraining, and the runners in his 2020 paper with Laursen trained at or below their MAF heart rate for 3 to 6 months. FitCraft does not read heart rate data, so it will not track your MAF runs. The strength, mobility and yoga sessions it builds fit around them on your other days.
How to do the MAF test
The MAF Test is how Maffetone suggests tracking progress at the same heart rate. His MAF Test page lays it out like this:
- Warm up, then settle at your MAF heart rate. Hold it steady for the whole test.
- Cover a set course. On a track or a measured road, record your time for each mile; his walking example uses three one-mile splits. On a bike, ride the same course and record your time, or hold the heart rate on a flat road or a stationary bike and record your speed.
- Expect each mile to be a little slower than the one before. If a later mile is faster, Maffetone says you probably did not warm up enough.
- Repeat about once a month. Use the same course and keep conditions as close as you can, and chart the results. He warns that testing every week is too often to see real change.
If your aerobic base is improving, your pace at the same heart rate gets faster over the months. In his walking example, the mile time dropped from about 16:32 in September to about 15:10 in December. Maffetone treats a pace that stalls or slows as an early warning of too much hard training, too little easy training, or stress and diet problems, before you feel run down or get injured.
What is the Maffetone method?
The 180 Formula is the core of what Maffetone calls the MAF Method. Most training stays at or below the MAF heart rate to build an aerobic base, and the monthly MAF Test tracks the progress. In their 2020 paper, Maffetone and Laursen describe the wider approach as raising the body's use of fat for fuel through exercise, diet and other lifestyle factors. This page covers the heart rate part; his own site covers the rest.
Worked examples: MAF heart rate for eight people
Each row runs one person through the calculator. Zone 2 is 60 to 70 percent of the Tanaka estimate of max heart rate, and the last column says where the MAF range sits against it.
| Person | Group | MAF heart rate | Train between | Zone 2, 60 to 70% of max | MAF range vs zone 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A 15-year-old cross-country runnerAge 15 | Any: the formula does not apply at 16 and under | 165 bpm | 155 to 165 bpm | 119 to 139 bpmmax 198 | Above: starts 16 beats over |
| Back to running after a year offAge 25 | Subtract 5 (b) | 150 bpm | 140 to 150 bpm | 115 to 134 bpmmax 191 | Above: starts 6 beats over |
| Marathoner, four steady years, still improving, no injuriesAge 35 | Add 5 (d) | 150 bpm | 140 to 150 bpm | 110 to 129 bpmmax 184 | Above: starts 11 beats over |
| Runs four times a week for a year, no problems (the default)Age 40 | No change (c) | 140 bpm | 130 to 140 bpm | 108 to 126 bpmmax 180 | Above: starts 4 beats over |
| Just starting to exercise (the worked example in Maffetone and Laursen 2020)Age 40 | Subtract 5 (b) | 135 bpm | 125 to 135 bpm | 108 to 126 bpmmax 180 | Overlaps: top 9 beats above |
| Takes a daily medicationAge 50 | Subtract 10 (a) | 120 bpm | 110 to 120 bpm | 104 to 121 bpmmax 173 | Inside |
| New to exerciseAge 60 | Subtract 5 (b) | 115 bpm | 105 to 115 bpm | 100 to 116 bpmmax 166 | Inside |
| Masters runner, 20 years in, improving, injury-freeAge 70 | Add 5 (d) | 115 bpmup to 120 or 125 with the over-65 allowance | 105 to 115 bpm | 95 to 111 bpmmax 159 | Overlaps: top 4 beats above |
Three patterns stand out. Young and experienced athletes get MAF ranges that sit well above zone 2 by percent of max, while the ranges of people in their 50s to 70s land inside or across the top of it. The 40-year-old who is just starting gets 135 bpm, 5 beats under the consistent 40-year-old, which keeps a beginner's easy days easier. The 70-year-old in group (d) is where the over-65 allowance applies: his ceiling of 115 could go up to 120 or 125 after an honest self-assessment, depending on how you read Maffetone's rule.
Pair your easy miles with strength training.
FitCraft builds dumbbell and bodyweight strength workouts, plus cardio, yoga and mobility sessions, around your goal and adjusts them as you progress, and your AI coach demonstrates the form for every exercise. FitCraft does not read heart rate data, so keep your own monitor for MAF runs. Take the free 2-minute quiz to get your plan.
Take the Free Assessment Free • 2 minutes • Personalized to youHow accurate is this MAF heart rate calculator?
The calculator does the arithmetic exactly, so the real question is whether 180 minus your age, adjusted for your group, lands on the heart rate it is meant to find. On his site, Maffetone says the 180 Formula is not a replacement for properly done lab testing but usually corresponds well with it, based on feedback from people who had lab tests. The page reports no data from those comparisons.
What the 180 Formula has been tested against
We searched PubMed and Europe PMC in October 2026 and found no peer-reviewed study that measured people's first ventilatory threshold, aerobic threshold or point of maximal fat burning and compared it with their 180 Formula number. The formula's own authors are frank about this. In their 2020 theory paper, Maffetone and Laursen write that the link between training at this heart rate and laboratory measures, health and performance must still be verified scientifically, and that neither the 180 Formula nor the older 220 formula replaces laboratory testing. Maffetone owns the business built on the method, which the paper discloses.
The evidence that does exist is indirect:
- One group, checked on average. The paper's only comparison uses Cao et al. (2019), who measured 30 overweight or obese women aged 60 to 69 and found an average heart rate of 101 ± 9 bpm at their point of maximal fat burning. Taking an age of 64 and subtracting 10, the 180 Formula gives 96 to 106 bpm, which contains that average, while the 220 formula at 60 to 85 percent gives a much wider 94 to 133. A group average says nothing about how close each woman came to her own number, and the 9-beat spread shows how much individuals varied.
- Runners who trained with it. The same paper reports that 223 runners who trained at or below their MAF heart rate for 3 to 6 months then ran a 5 km race, and 170 of them, about three in four, beat their previous best. There was no comparison group and no size of improvement, so it shows that people improved on the plan, not that the formula found the right heart rate.
- Trained runners in the lab. In 1,411 trained runners tested on a treadmill, heart rate at the first ventilatory threshold averaged 85 percent of each runner's peak heart rate, give or take about 5 percentage points (Esteve-Lanao et al. 2026). The study did not test the 180 Formula, but for a 40-year-old whose peak matches the Tanaka estimate of 180, 85 percent is 153 bpm: 13 beats above an unadjusted MAF ceiling of 140 and 8 above the group (d) ceiling of 145. For trained runners, the formula behaves like a cautious cap below the first threshold rather than a match for it.
- Researchers use it as a practical cap. A 2025 study of recreational runners set the top of easy training at 180 minus age because it was simple to follow (Wolff et al. 2025), but using a formula is not the same as testing it.
Why an age formula misses individuals
Any heart rate built from age alone inherits the person-to-person spread of heart rate. Shookster et al. (2020) measured maximum heart rate in 99 adults aged 17 to 67 and found that the Tanaka equation missed by 10.7 beats on average (root mean square error), with individual misses past 20 beats in either direction. The 220 minus age formula did no better, at 11.7 beats. The 180 Formula has no term for where your own heart rate sits, so it cannot see that spread either. Its groups capture health and training history, which matters, but they are self-assessed, so the result is only as good as an honest choice of group.
How to check your own number
Use the MAF heart rate as a starting cap, then check it. A lab test of the first ventilatory threshold, or a blood lactate test, measures what the formula estimates, and Maffetone and Laursen say plainly that the formula is no replacement for one. Short of a lab, the monthly MAF Test shows whether your pace at the same heart rate is improving, and the talk test in our zone 2 cardio guide is a free cross-check on whether the effort feels easy.
When to ignore this calculator
The 180 Formula is meant for people training for fitness and endurance. In these cases, follow a clinician's plan instead:
- Heart disease, a heart rhythm problem or a pacemaker. Age formulas do not apply to you. Ask your cardiologist which heart rate, if any, to train at.
- Medicines that change your heart rate. Beta blockers and some other drugs lower or flatten the heart rate response to exercise. Maffetone's group (a) subtracts 10 for any regular medication, but no formula can predict a drug's effect, so ask the prescriber.
- Pregnancy. Heart rate and safe effort change during pregnancy. Your obstetric care team is the right source.
- Children and teens. Maffetone's 165 for athletes 16 and under is a fixed number from his practice, not a measured limit, and the calculator takes ages 13 and up. Young athletes should follow their coach or pediatrician.
- After a major illness, surgery or a hospital stay. Group (a) is a starting point for training, not clearance to train. Ask your doctor when and how hard to start.
- Over 65 and thinking of adding beats. Maffetone leaves the extra beats to self-assessment. A doctor or coach who knows your history is a better judge than a formula.
If you feel chest pain, faintness, dizziness or unusual breathlessness during exercise, stop and get medical help.
Related reading
References
- Maffetone P. "The MAF 180 Formula: Heart-rate monitoring for real aerobic training." philmaffetone.com. Published 2015, updated July 2020. philmaffetone.com/180-formula
- Maffetone P. "What is the MAF Test?" philmaffetone.com. Published 2015, updated August 2020. philmaffetone.com/maf-test
- Maffetone P. "MAF 180: Personalizing Exercise Heart Rate." philmaffetone.com. Published 2019, updated 2020. philmaffetone.com/maf-180-personalizing-exercise-heart-rate
- Maffetone PB, Laursen PB. "Maximum Aerobic Function: Clinical Relevance, Physiological Underpinnings, and Practical Application." Front Physiol. 2020;11:296. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00296, PMC7142223
- Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. "Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited." J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(1):153-156. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8, PubMed 11153730
- Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. "The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study." Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1957;35(3):307-315. PubMed 13470504
- Cao L, Jiang Y, Li Q, Wang J, Tan S. "Exercise Training at Maximal Fat Oxidation Intensity for Overweight or Obese Older Women: A Randomized Study." J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):413-418. PMC6683615, PubMed 31427862
- Esteve-Lanao J, Sellés-Pérez S, Arévalo-Chico H, Cejuela R. "Towards Accurate Reference Values for Heart Rate and Speed Zones by Aerobic Fitness and Sex in Long-Distance Runners." Sports (Basel). 2026;14(1):29. doi:10.3390/sports14010029, PMC12845794
- Shookster D, Lindsey B, Cortes N, Martin JR. "Accuracy of Commonly Used Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Equations." Int J Exerc Sci. 2020;13(7):1242-1250. PMC7523886, PubMed 33042384
- Wolff AT, Sherman SR, Horswill CA. "The Effects of a Short-Term Supplemental Breathwork Protocol on the Aerobic Performance of Recreational Runners." Sports (Basel). 2025;13(2):31. doi:10.3390/sports13020031, PMC11860393
- McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, Cooper L, Kenney WL, O'Connor FG, Roberts WO. "National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for the physically active." J Athl Train. 2017;52(9):877-895. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02, PMC5634236
How this calculator differs from typical MAF calculators
Most online MAF calculators stop at 180 minus age with a dropdown for the adjustment. Few give the training range below the ceiling, few handle Maffetone's own rules for athletes 16 and under or over 65, and fewer still say that the formula has not been tested against measured thresholds in a published study. Many present the number as your zone 2, or as a fat-burning zone proven in the lab.
This calculator uses Maffetone's four groups and his age rules, including the open question in the over-65 allowance, and gives the 10-beat range from his 2020 paper with Laursen. It then sets your MAF range beside zone 2 by percent of max (Tanaka) and, with a resting heart rate, by heart rate reserve (Karvonen), with the same rounding as our heart rate zone calculator so the two pages agree to the beat. It notes when a resting heart rate leaves no room below the range, and it reports the evidence as it stands: one group average, one uncontrolled training report and one indirect comparison with measured thresholds.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I calculate my MAF heart rate?
Subtract your age from 180, then adjust for your health and training history using Phil Maffetone's four groups: subtract 10 if you are recovering from a major illness or surgery or take regular medication, subtract 5 if you are injured, often ill, have allergies or asthma, carry excess body fat or are new to training, change nothing if you have trained consistently for up to two years, and add 5 after more than two years of injury-free progress. The result is the top of your range, and the bottom is 10 beats lower. A 40-year-old with a year of consistent training gets 140 bpm and trains between 130 and 140.
What is the Maffetone method?
The Maffetone method, which Phil Maffetone calls the MAF Method, is an approach to endurance training built around a personal heart rate ceiling from his 180 Formula. Most training stays at or below that MAF heart rate to build an aerobic base, and a monthly MAF Test tracks whether your pace at the same heart rate improves. In a 2020 paper with Paul Laursen, he describes the wider approach as raising fat burning through exercise, diet and other lifestyle factors. MAF and the MAF Method are his terms, and FitCraft is not affiliated with him.
Is MAF heart rate the same as zone 2?
No. The MAF heart rate comes from your age and your health and training history, while zone 2 is 60 to 70 percent of your maximum heart rate or of your heart rate reserve. For a 40-year-old, the MAF range of 130 to 140 bpm sits above zone 2 by percent of max (108 to 126 bpm, from the Tanaka estimate of 180) but overlaps zone 2 by heart rate reserve (132 to 144 bpm at a resting heart rate of 60). The gap to percent-of-max zone 2 closes with age, and by the late 60s the unadjusted MAF range falls inside it.
How accurate is a MAF heart rate calculator?
The arithmetic is exact, but the 180 Formula itself has little evidence either way: we found no peer-reviewed study that compared people's 180 Formula number with their measured aerobic threshold. Maffetone and Laursen (2020) write that the link must still be verified scientifically and that the formula does not replace lab testing. Their one group check found an average heart rate of 101 bpm at maximal fat burning in 30 women aged 60 to 69, inside the 96 to 106 bpm the formula gives. In 1,411 trained runners, the first ventilatory threshold averaged 85 percent of peak heart rate, about 13 beats above the MAF ceiling at age 40. Treat the number as a cautious starting cap.
What is the MAF test?
The MAF Test is Maffetone's monthly check of aerobic progress. After a warm-up, you run or walk at your MAF heart rate over a set course and record your time for each mile, or ride a set course and record your time or speed. Repeat it about once a month, not weekly, on the same course. If your aerobic base is building, your pace at the same heart rate gets faster over the months, and Maffetone treats a pace that stalls or slows as an early warning of too much hard training, stress or other problems.
Why do I have to run so slowly at my MAF heart rate?
For many people the MAF ceiling is lower than the heart rate they reach at their usual easy pace, so they have to slow down, or walk hills, to stay under it, especially at first. Maffetone expects the pace at the same heart rate to improve over months, which the MAF Test tracks. In the one published report of results, 170 of 223 runners who trained at or below their MAF heart rate for 3 to 6 months ran a faster 5 km than their previous best, although the report had no comparison group.
Is the MAF heart rate the fat-burning zone?
Maffetone describes it that way: his site says the MAF heart rate corresponds to the point of maximal fat burning, and his 2020 paper with Laursen calls that link theoretical. The one group check, 30 women aged 60 to 69, found an average heart rate of 101 bpm at maximal fat burning, inside the 96 to 106 bpm the formula gives, but no study has tested it person by person. Burning a larger share of fat during a run is also not the same as losing body fat, which depends on your total energy balance over weeks.
What MAF heart rate should I use if I am under 16 or over 65?
At 16 and under, Maffetone writes that the 180 Formula does not apply and that an MAF heart rate of 165 has been used, whatever the group. Over 65, the formula may need to be individualized further: for some athletes in the most experienced group, up to 10 beats may have to be added, after an honest self-assessment rather than automatically. His page does not say whether that replaces the usual 5 or adds to it, so for a 70-year-old in that group the ceiling would be 115, or up to 120 or 125.